Monopoly and perfect competition Essay Example for Free

Monopoly and utter(a) competition EssayFirm downstairs perfect competition and the truehearted under monopoly ar similar as the aim of two the vendor is to maximize profit and to minimize loss. The balance position followed by both the monopoly and perfect competition is MR = MC. Despite their similarities, these two forms of market organization protest from each other(a) in respect of impairment-cost-output. There are many an(prenominal) points of difference which are noted below. (1)Perfect competition is the market in which there is a large number of buyers and sellers. The goods sold in this market are identical. A single price prevails in the market.On the other hand monopoly is a face of imperfect market. The number of sellers is one but the number of buyers is many. A monopolist is a price-maker. In fact monopoly is the opposite of perfect competition. Firm under perfect competition and the firm under monopoly are similar as the aim of both the seller is to ma ximize profit and to minimize loss. The equilibrium position followed by both the monopoly and perfect competition is MR = MC. Despite their similarities, these two forms of market organization differ from each other in respect of price-cost-output.There are many points of difference which are noted below. (2) Under perfect competition there are a large number of buyers and sellers in the market competing with each other. The price fixed by the industry is accepted by all the firms operating in the market. As against this under monopoly, there is only one single seller but a large number of buyers. The distinction between, firm and industry disappears under this type of market situation. (3) The average tax income wrenchs under competition and monopoly stupefy different shapes.The average tax (price) worm under perfect competition is a horizontal straight line parallel to OX-axis. The industry demand curve or receipts curve slopes downward from left to right. But under monopol y the firm is itself the industry. There is only one demand curve common both to the monopoly firm and monopoly firm and monopoly industry. The average revenue curve under monopoly slopes downward and its corresponding marginal revenue curve lie below the average revenue curve. Under perfect competition MR Curve is the same as AR Curve.(4) Under perfect competition price equals marginal cost at the equilibrium output, but under monopoly equilibrium price is greater than marginal cost. Under perfect competition marginal revenue is the same as average revenue at all levels of output. Thus at the equilibrium position under perfect competition marginal cost not only equals marginal revenue but also average revenue. On the other hand under monopoly both the AR and MR curve slope downward and MR curve lies below AR curve. Thus average revenue is greater than marginal revenue at all levels of output.Hence at the equilibrium output of the monopolist price stands high(prenominal) than margi nal cost. Under competition price MR=MC. In monopoly equilibrium, price MC. (5) A competitive firm makes only normal profit in the long run. As against this a monopolist can make super normal profits even in the long run. In perfectly competitive market there is freedom pf entry and exit. Attracted by the supranormal profit earned by the existing firms the new competitive firms enter the market to compete away the supernormal profit. Output rises and profit becomes minimum. Thus in the long run a competitive firm earns only normal profit.But under monopoly the firm continues earning supernormal profits even in the long run since there are strong barriers to the entry of new firms in the monopolistic industry. (6) Under monopoly price is higher and output smaller than under perfect competition. Price output equilibrium is graphically shown in the diagram given below. AR = MR curve is the demand curve under perfect competition which is horizontal straight line. The downward sloping AR and MR curve are the average revenue and marginal revenue curves under monopoly. At equilibrium point E (MR = MC) a competitive firm produces OM output at OP market price.At point F a monopoly firm attains equilibrium producing OM, output at OP, price. OP competitive price is less than OP, (OP OP,) and OM competitive output is greater than OM, output (OM OM,). (7) A monopolist can discriminate prices for his product, a firm working under perfect competition cannot. The monopolist will be increasing his total profit by price discrimination if he find? Elastic ties of demand are different in different markets. As against his a competitive firm cannot change different prices from different buyers since he faces a perfectly elastic demand at the going market price.If he increases a slights rise in price he will unload the sellers and makes loss. Thus a competitive firm cannot discriminate prices which a monopolist can do. The arguments against monopolies. A Incentives 1 There is a separation of service and payment. Because monopolies are funded by dint of taxation, they cannot go bankrupt they can always get more funding from the public coffers. Therefore, monopolies bring on little incentive to be efficient. 2 Monopoly by definition means no competition. So, unsatisfied customers have nowhere else to take their business.Monopolies can treat their customers like scum and not lose any business. Again, they have little incentive for efficiency. 3 The actual incentives of monopolies are completely backwards compared with market incentives. On the market, efficient use of resources is rewarded with profits and inefficiency is punished with losses. But monopolies that do good business have their budgets reduced and those who are inefficient are rewarded with an increased budget. Therefore, monopolies have strong incentives to be inefficient and strong disincentives to be efficient. B Calculation.1 Because service is separated from payment, monopolies hav e no profit and loss mechanism. Thus, they have no way to rationally allocate resources. 2 Markets, on the other hand, do operate on the profit and loss system, and can rationally allocate resources. C Morality 1 Monopolies must be enforced through initiatory violence. D Inconsistency 1 What justification is there for group X to have a monopoly? Why not group Y? 2 What is the logical conclusion? Do we monopolize everything, or nothing? What justification is there for some monopoly and some competition?

“Three Men in a Boat” by Jerome K Jerome Essay Example for Free

Three Men in a Boat by Jerome K Jerome EssayIn this essay an attempt is made to make do the authorised themes that one can observe in the hold Three Men in a Boat written by Jerome K Jerome. This defend written by Jerome K Jerome became extremely popular among the English readers. One reason for this popularity was its different and new way of representation which differed from the books written by authors such(prenominal) as Robert Louis Stevenson, Arthur Cannon Doyle, Rudyard Kipling and other popular authors. This popularity perhaps was due to the use of different themes and style of language that one can see in the sideslip of this book. Firstly, the language used in this book was the language spoken by the common masses which perhaps attracted the common sight to read this book tether to its popularity although the critics condemned the vulgarity that they found in the book in the versatile wrong that were used in the book. However unlike the writing styles of the t imes, Jerome did not use glorifying terms or artificial terms to express the feelings of the great deal. The book refers to the three men among whom one character was represented by the author himself. An important theme in this book is the importance that is given to pleasure trips wherein the friends took several excursions in the boat on the River Thames and other places.These pleasure trips were earlier enthralled usually by the middle and amphetamine middle class plurality. However, the writing of this book Three Men in a Boat made the pleasure trips on the rivers of England extremely popular. Another important theme in the book is the love for nature and in order to express their love for nature the three friends go on excursion everyplace River Thames. This book can be considered as an important contribution to the make a motion literature particularly within England. This book is the story of three common people who speak the usual language spoken by the common people. They do not involve in any great adventures and there are no great heroes and villains in this book. The appeal to the masses is an important theme in this book.However we can consider that the most important theme is the love of these people for travel, pleasure trips and their love of nature. An important aspect of this book is that initially it was conceived as a serious guide to traveling on boat. However humor became the ace style narration in this book. The readers regarded that many jokes in the book are relevant even today. One important theme found in this book is the wishing for relaxation from work. Thus, one can find the theme of escape in this work. Hence, the three men go for a pleasure trip in order to escape from the problems which they faced.An important theme is the disease which had attacked the friend of Jerome which led to search for the proper medicine to cure this disease. After reading the various health check literatures, the author feels that he possesse s all the diseases mentioned in these works. Jerome mentions that, I sat and pondered. I thought what an interesting case I must be from a health check point of view, what an acquisition I should be to a class Students would have no need to walk the hospitals, if they had me. I was hospital in myself.All they need would be walk around me, and, after that take their diploma. (Jerome, 1995) In this statement one can also find the theme of humor as the author is not only covering the serious issue of medical problems but at the same time he is finding that he has got various diseases and he describes this with lot of humor. The author after reading about the health problems states that I walked into the reading-room a happy, healthy man. I crawled out a discrepit wreck. (Jerome, 1995)In the second chapter there are preparations for the pleasure trips by the friends of Jerome. The author mentions Having thus settled the sleeping arrangements to the satisfaction of all four of us, the only thing left to discuss was what we should take with us In this juncture one can find the humor in the statement George said he felt thirsty (I neer knew George when he didnt). (Jerome, 1995) The chapter three of the book refers to the further arrangements that were made for the trip. Humor also can be seen in the statement that I notice that people forever make gigantic arrangements for bathing when they are going anywhere near the water, but that they dont bathe much when they are there. (Jerome, 1995) enchantment preparing for the travel the friends discuss regarding the question of aliment while traveling. While making travel arrangements, Jerome states that he thought that he is the most efficient person in packing which is essential while traveling. In fact he asked his friends to leave the task of packing to him because Jerome had confidence in his ability to pack. He stated that, My tooth-brush is a thing that haunts me when Im travelling, and makes my life a misery. (Jerome, 1995) Here one can find both the seriousness of the fact that tooth-brush is necessary for travel and the sense of humor exhibited by the author.The friends visit various historical places and there is interesting discussion regarding the major events related to English history. There is reference to various adventures and misadventures of these three men while traveling. During travel the author states, The boat seemed stuffy, and my head seemed aching(Jerome, 1995). These people had some bad experiences which are suggested by the statement that The people at the beer shop were rude. They merely laughed at us. (Jerome, 1995) The experiences on the Marlow River are also explained in detail by the author. Jerome praised this river town due to its liveliness and they could enjoy in this place.In fact the author stated that Our departure from Marlow I regard as one of our greatest successes. (Jerome, 1995) There is also description regarding a procession which they noticed. Th e author mentioned that he did not like the steam launches and they had problems with these steam launches. The author also describes an incident wherein the friends prepare the meal and the author thought that this was the tastiest food he ever had. This book by Jerome consists of themes such as traveling, escape from daily routine and humor. The various travel experiences of three men has been humorously presented by the author for the enjoyable reading.ReferenceJerome, Jerome K. (1995). Three Men in a Boat, Etext 308, Project Gutenberg, Retrieved online on 10-09-2005 from http//www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext95/3boat10.txt

MARKETING MANAGEMENT COLGATE PALMOLIVE Industry Overview

MARKETING MANAGEMENT COLGATE PALMOLIVE Industry OverviewIn a society that bursters approximately appearances consumers continually look for newfound, innovative oral divvy up products to provide an extra sparkle to their smiles. Oral aid companies are marketing their products to different consumer segments in order to catch up with their share in the growing segment market. Todays consumer demand numerous benefits from their tooth scatters and manufacturers are responding accordingly.The Personal get by and business firm Cleaning Products Industry inclues Companies that bewilder Personal Care and Hygiene Care Products such as cosmetics, perfumes and toiletries as well as household cleaning products. Some leading companies in Personal Care and Household care are Procter lay on the line, Unilever, Colgate Palmolive, Johnson JohnsonGillette and Reckitt Benckiser etc.Key market PlayersColgate-PalmoliveColgate-Palmolive headquartered in New York City is the biggest seller o f toothpaste (ahead of Procter Gamble) and a world leader in oral care products (mouthwash, toothpastes, and toothbrushes). The company to a fault makes personal care products (baby care, deodorants, shampoos, goops) and household cleaners (bleaches backwash products, soaps). Its separate well- getn brands include Palmolive dishwashing liquid and tabs, Ajax surface cleaners, and Fab laundry detergent. Its Hills pet Nutrition subsidiary makes Science Diet and Prescription Diet brands of dearie food. Colgate operates in more than 70 countries and sells products in more than 200.Procter GambleThe Procter Gamble union is the number one U.S. maker of household products, with brands in quintuplet main categories Baby, feminine and family care Fabric and home care Beauty care Health care and Food and Beverages. Nowadays Procter Gamble markets nearly 300 brands, including leading brands such us Pampers, Tide, Ariel, Always, Whisper, Pantene, Bounty, Pringles, Folgers, Charmin, Dow ny, Lenor, Iams, Crest, Actonel, Olay, and Clairol. PG has sales in more than 160 countries virtually the world and PGs worldwide headquarters is located in Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. The company operates 115 plants in nigh 80 countries worldwide and employs nearly 98,000 people. The firm also makes pet food and water filters and produces soap operas. Proctor Gamble is not an active player in local market tooth paste market.GlaxoSmithKlineGlaxoSmithKline, one of the die five pharmaceutical firms in the world, is the account behind antidepressant Paxil and asthma therapies, Flovent and Servent, among the worlds best-selling drugs. some(a) other international bestsellers include Avandia fordiabetes, migraine reliever Imitrex, cancer-related nausea drug Zofran, and antibiotic Augmentin. GSK products are also available without a prescription OTC products include Zantac for sour stomachs, Aquafresh Maclense for cleaner teeth. Oxy for skin suffering the ravages of adolescence, and Nic o Derm for smokers looking to clap the habit.UnileverUnilever is one the worlds top packaged consumer goods companies, Unilever has leveraged its brand-name food, cleaning and personal care products into market dominance worldwide. Dually headquartered in London and Rotterdam, the Netherlands, it is operated by two different holding companies, Unilever PLC (UK) and Unilever N.V. (the Netherlands), which stir separate stock listings but an identical board of directors. Unilever is one of the industry leader in deodorants (Axe, Degree), hair care products (Suave, ThermaSilk), prestige fragrances (Calvin Klein, Lagerfeld) and soap (Dove, Lux ). Its other familiar goods include Q-Tips, Vaseline, Pepsodent, Close up and Mentadent tooth pastes and laundry and cleaning products such as all Wisk and Surf.Locally ManufacturedMedicame Tooth Pate, Medipac, Forhans, English, Listerine and Sensodine tooth paste are also change magnitude their market share. Medicame Listerine and Sensodyne are medicated tooth paste. Sensitive consumer gives good consideration to medicated tooth paste. However English tooth paste is very low price tooth paste. Some imported tooth pastes are also available at super store while a variety of medicated tooth paste is available at Medical stores. Close up and medicame are the true competitors of Colgate tooth paste. They lose reduced the market share of Colgate. Colgate tooth paste is pioneer and innovator in the introduction of herbal tooth paste.Corporate ProfilePersonal care behemoth Colgate-Palmolive is generally associated with toothpaste and soap, but in fact its broad portfolio also includes Pet food, Deodorants, Fabric softeners, Household cleaners and Detergents. Brands include Ajax, Fab, Mennen and Hills Science Diet, alongside the two products that make up the companys name. Colgate is the worlds 1 toothpaste and toothbrush brand Palmolive soap is the worlds third largest soap brand, now coering a growing flow of hair care prod ucts as well as soaps. Colgate-Palmolive is also truly international, deriving more than 70% of its sales outside the US. Advertising Age/TNS estimated global measured advertising phthisis in 2003 of $621m, making Colgate the worlds 40 advertisers. Colgate-Palmolive is a leading global consumer products company, serving people in more than 200 countries and territories with consumer products that make lives wellnessier and more enjoyable. The Company focuses on strong global brands in its core businesses Oral Care, Personal Care, Household Surface Care, Fabric Care and Pet Nutrition. The Group operates in unification America, Latin America, Europe, Asia and Africa.History of Colgate Palmolive1800 1850sThe company began in 1806, when William Colgate, an English immigrant, set up a starch, soap and candle business on Dutch Street in New York City, USA. Frances Smith was made a tell a characterner in the following year and the firm became Smith and Colgate. William Colgate brought out his partner in 1813 the name was therefore changed to William Colgate and Company.In 1817 the first Colgate advertisement Soap, Mould and Dipt Candles appeared. A few age later, William Colgate and his brother-in-law, John Gilbert, built a starch factory in an area that straight off is Jersey City, New Jersey. The Dutch Street factory was moved there in 1847, though the business office remained on Dutch Street. Principal products at that time were Windsor Toilet Soaps and Pearl Starch.After more than fifty years in the starch, soap and candle business, William Colgate died in 1857. The company then became know as Colgate Company.1860s 1910sIn 1866, the company kick offd perfumed soap and began the manufacture of perfumes and essences. Six years later Cashmere Bouquet, the first milled perfumed toilet soap, was registered as a trademark.Surprisingly, it wasnt until 1873 almost seventy years after the companys founding that Colgate Company produced its first toothpaste , an aromatic dental cream sold in jars. Then, in 1896, the company made toothpaste much(prenominal) more convenient to use by introducing the first collapsible toothpaste tube, one similar to those in use today.Meanwhile in Milwaukee, the B.J Johnson Soap Company, founded in 1864, was about to change its destiny. In 1898 the company introduced Palmolive Soap, a product that was so successful it prompted B.L. Johnson to change its name to the Palmolive Company 1916.By its 100th anniversary, Colgate Company was manufacturing dental care products, laundry soaps, 160 different kinds of toilet soap and 625 varieties of perfume. In 1906, the company launched a plant expansion at its Jersey City site, and a new 8-storey factory opened on the site in Jersey City. A few years later in 1910, the entire Colgate organization left the first buildings on Dutch and John Streets and moved to Jersey City.It was on the roof of one of Colgates factory buildings there that the first Colgate clock, its face measuring 37.5 feet in diameter and covering an area of 1104 square feet, was installed in 1908. The original Colgate clock, which became a fixture on the New Jersey waterfront, was moved to a new Colgate factory in Jeffersonville, Indiana in 1924 and was replaced with a new, bigger timepiece, which today is still one of the worlds largest single faced clocks. The new octagon-shaped clock measured 1963.5 square feet with a 25 foot, 10 inches long minute hand and a 20 foot long hour hand.1920 1930On the 7th January 1922, the Palmolive Company (of England) Ltd was incorporated, with the first directors meeting universe held a month later when Bob Foster was appointed Chairman.In 1925 a new name was registered, The Palmolive Company Ltd. At this time most of the pageantry cards for shop windows and point-of-sale inside chemists were produced in the USA and shipped over with the product. It was not until the 1930s that the UK company commissioned its own advertisements.In 19 28 the Colgate Company integrated with Palmolive-Peet Co. in the USA, and thus another name change followed in the UK, Colgate-Palmolive-Peet Ltd.It was in 1933 that an agreement was signed with the parent company in America to manufacture Colgate products in the UK, and production started in London from a factory in Ranelagh Road (on lease since 1929).With war clouds gathering over Europe, a wise decision was taken to establish a manufacturing base for Palmolive in England. In 1938 the soap makers G.W. Goodwins Sons were purchased and Palmolive was produced in the Ivy soap courses at Salford, near Manchester, from July 1939, righteous six weeks before the outbreak of war.mid-forties 1960sAfter the war, things gradually returned to normal. In 1949 the Company decided to enter the detergent business with Fab a new detergent powder already on sale in the USA. Fab survived for a number of years but was eventually discontinued having succumbed to the pressure of heavy competition. Another brand brought over from the USA was a new type of foaming cleanser called Ajax. Launched also in 1949, Ajax proved common and became brand leader in the mid 1950s.Colgate chlorophyll was launched in 1952 at a time when the public were intrigued by anything chlorophyll. Palmolive soap drew attention to the fact that natures chlorophyll is in every(prenominal) tablet.In 1953 the name changed to Colgate-Palmolive Limited.By 1956 Colgates share of the US market had reached 23% (from 9% in 1947).New product launches in the 1950s included Lustre-Creme shampoo, Cue hair dressing, Kan-Kil volume-detonation bomb insect killer, Rapid-s consent aerosol lather (1954), Ajax liquid all purpose cleaner with ammonia-plus (promoted on TV as cleans like a white tornado) and Cadum toilet soap in 1955.In the UK in 1964, brand leader Colgate introduced Colgate fluoride, the toothpaste that helps stop bad breath and fights tooth decay. This was updated in 1970 with a new formula containing mon ofluorophosphate or MFP, and two years later this brand was combined with the standard Colgate to create Colgate MFP Fluoride.The other major launch was Ultrabrite in 1968 New Ultrabrite the extra-strength toothpaste for really white teeth. Youll love its new zingy sea tang too. Noticeably there was no attempt at directly linking the Colgate name to Ultrabrite.It was in 1965 that one of the most memorable TV advertising campaigns began for Colgates Ring of Confidence. A continuous stream of TV commercials in the form of before and after mini stories showed the lasting benefits of using Colgate. Even today some(prenominal) remember the punishing of the effective ping.1970s 1990s1976 saw the arrival of dim promiscuous aerosol, a new antiperspirant that did not sting, even after shaving. Its image evoked by its packaging, was feminine, kind and mild. Woodleigh Green, the shampoo and soap with a fresh, green apple fragrance was introduced in 1979.Under the worldwide Chairmanship of Reuben Mark, appointed to the position in 1984, Colgate-Palmolive sold many of its recently acquired companies and concentrated on building strength in its core businesses of oral care, body care, household surface care and Hills Pet Nutrition.Colgate was still Britains top selling toothpaste and without the eighties the company continued to burst its products, first with improved MFP fluoride, and then the introduction of Blue Minty Gel the first toothpaste to target 9 -14 year olds. In 1986 Colgate Junior was introduced and Colgate Tartar Control.In 1984 the new pump action toothpaste dispenser made its debut, and five years later another packaging improvement, the easily to use fliptop crown.Innovation and focus describe the companys activities in the nineties. Perhaps the most innovative development came in 1993 with the launch of Colgate positive toothpaste the most effective toothpaste available. This was just the start of new toothpaste introductions Colgate Platin um (1995) for that fashion model whiteness, Colgate Total Fresh Stripe (1995) and Triple Cool Stripe (1996) and Colgate Sensation Deep Clean (1997).Other new arrivals appeared in the Soft Gentle range with a Smooth Solid (a completely new format for anti-perspirants) and Lights, using the latest fragrance. Soft Gentle had always had fragrance as a key differentiator, and it is this aspect of the product that is constantly changing to keep up with current fine fragrance trends. Soft Gentle cream was launched in 2001. The roll on had aloe vera added in 2002, and there was also a packaging upgrade.Palmolive entered the growing market for shower gels with a range of irresistible products all designed to leave the skin smooth to the interest.1999 saw the launch of Colgate uninfectedning and Colgate Superstar. Colgate Fresh Confidence was launched in 2000, and in 2001 Colgate herb tea and Colgate Total Plus whitening arrived.Colgate-Palmolive ValuesOur three fundamental values-Cari ng, Global Teamwork and Continuous Improvement-are part of everything we do. They are the foundation for our business strategy and are reflected in every aspect of our work life.CaringThe Company cares about people Colgate people, customers, shareholders and business partners. Colgate is committed to act with compassion, integrity and honesty in all situations, to listen with obeisance to others and to value differences. The Company is also committed to protect the global environment and to enhance the communities where Colgate people live and work.Global TeamworkAll Colgate people are part of a global team up, committed to working together across countries and throughout the world. Only by sharing ideas, technologies and talents can the Company achieve and sustain lucrative growth.Continuous ImprovementColgate is committed to getting better every day in all it does, as individuals and as teams. By better downstairsstanding consumers and customers expectations and interminably working to innovate and improve products, services and wreakes, Colgate will become the best.PRODUCTAnything that can be offered to a market for attention, acquisition, use or consumption that faculty satisfy a want or need. It includes physical objects, services, goods or ideas.What is Colgate herbal White toothpaste?Colgate Herbal White toothpaste combines Colgates expertise in oral care with some of natures finest ingredients. With its unique blend of herbs, Colgate Herbal White delivers a great brushing experience to help ensure first and foremost your good oral health. Plus, it whitens too.How does it work to whiten and strengthen teeth?Colgate Herbal White helps whiten teeth with gentle cleaning silica and calcium carbonate. It removes surface stains from food and drink. Colgate Herbal White also helps strengthen teeth with fluoride.What are the benefits of using Colgate Herbal White?Colgate Herbal Whites special blend of herbs gives it a unique flavor that leaves your mout h with a fresh tonicity. In addition, the Colgate Herbal White formula contains fluoride to help prevent cavities while helping to strengthen teeth.What herbs are used and what do they do?genus Melissa herb known for its soothing qualities Eucalyptus noted for its energizing properties Lemon Extract recognized for its fresh, aromatic flavor Natural Mint enjoyed for its raw(a)ly grateful tasteWhat makes Colgate Herbal White different from other Colgate toothpastes? How does it compare with other whitening toothpastes?Colgate Herbal White is the only Colgate toothpaste in the market that contains natural herbs in its formula. Its unique combination of calcium carbonate and high cleaning silica delivers whitening and a fresh feeling in your mouth.Can children use Colgate Herbal White?Yes. As with any other toothpaste, children 2 to 6 years old should use a pea-sized amount and should brush under the supervision of an adult. For children under 2 years old please consult a dentist or physician.What happens if the cap is left open?Because Colgate Herbal White has a natural base of calcium carbonate, the toothpaste can lose some of its moisture and harden if the cap is left off for prolonged periods of time. To avoid this, always close the cap after brushing.What makes Colgate Herbal White different from other herbal toothpastes?We cant really comment on other companies products. We can tell you that Colgate Herbal White contains fluoride and the expert science of Colgate to help ensure first and foremost your good oral health.Product Life CycleLaunching a product leads to a life cycle through which passing of product is considered as natural.A product life cycle phenomenon can be viewed as Introductory stage return stage Maturity stage Decline stageColgate Herbal Toothpaste is successfully passing through the introductory stage and entering into the growth stage. Colgate people develop the products after identifying the core consumer needs that the product will satisfy. They introduce the product after careful segmentation and identifying the target market. Since their target market as they know is going towards the natural products for the health of their teeth, so Colgate has introduced its Colgate Herbal which is a blend of natural herbs and modern scientific research. They continuously develop the product for their customer satisfaction. They have close eye on the market and whenever they find a gap in the market, they launch a product whenever they find a gap in the market.Colgate Business StrategyColgates tightly defined leadership strategy focuses on four core global businesses Oral Care, Personal Care, Home Care and Pet Nutrition.Around the world, Colgate people all work together to succeed in Driving Growth Funding Growth Becoming the Best Place to fiddleOur long history of strong performance comes from absolute focus on our core global businesses, combined with a successful worldwide fiscal strategy. This financial strategy is d esigned to increase gross profit margin and reduce costs in order to fund growth initiatives and generate greater profitability. tush MarketColgate Pakistan considers the whole population of the country as its target marketHowever for different sorts of consumers it has developed different flavors and tastes in the tooth paste sector especially. Colgate Anti-cavity protection tooth paste is basically designed to remove the cavity on teeth and for fresh breath. Colgate Fresh Stripe Gel is for whitening teeth with fresh breath. Target market for its Herbal white is nature sensitive users. Users that want whitening of tooth paste through natural ingredients. It not only whitens your teeth but also gives you a feeling of fresh breath. Children of all ages can use it. Its Natural Herbs attracts all Nature Lover.PRICEThe amount of money that one has to pay to buy the product is known as price. Price is the element in marketing mix that produces revenue while the other elements of marketi ng mix generate cost only. They company moldiness set its price in relation to the value delivered and the value perceived by the customer. Being as a market leader in tooth paste industry Colgate sets its prices in view the product itself, target customer class and competitors product prices.Pricing StrategiesColgate has maintained the custom of launching the new product at low prices so that every customer can take a trial of the product.Colgate changes its prices to meet the competition but only at that time when the prices of competitors moderate because of national change in prices. Every customer has to pay the same amount to buy the products of Colgate Palmolive in Pakistan. It means the company is following uniform delivered determine strategy for all its products.Before setting price Colgate considers the following Pricing objectives Importance of pricing for target customers Identifies the demand Estimated costs Competitors pricesPLACE/DISTRIBUTIONThe process of making t he product available to customers to right customers at right places.Colgate is using in direct second level of distribution to make its products available to closing consumersDistribution channel always keep in touch with the target customer and competitors as well. They provide all the information ton the company which contains problems and competitors actions. The distributors have their own godowns in which they store the companys products. It is the responsibility of the retailer to provide the product to the retailer at his door step.PROMOTION packaging is necessary to reach consumers with which Colgate interacts. Promotion is communication used to inform, persuade or remind. Personal selling, advertising, publicity and public relations are the four key elements of the promotion mix. Colgate is targeting the whole population of Pakistan through advertisement. Company also introduces different promotion schemes such as discounts and 2 in 1. Colgate gives high emphasis on direc t approach to customers. Its sales team visit citites after cities where they involve in experiments of tooth whitening. They try to satisfy their customers at the spot.S.W.O.T. Analysis Strategic Planning and ThinkingS.W.O.T. stands for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and brats. The SWOT abstract provides us with an analytic framework for studying a Companys position and strategy.Strengths and Weaknesses are internal factors of a Company. Opportunities and Threats are external factors. It allows you to analyze the different factors which affect the relative competitiveness of a Corporation. While SWOT is a useful tool to organize information, it is based on the subjective assessment of a situation. As such, as SWOT analysis is only as good as the information to goes into them.Strengths Companys presence in 200 countries is its biggest strength Strong Corporate image of Colgate Palmolive Strong Financial military strength Worldwide research and excessive emphasize on techn ology. Strong social image of the Company Well-established and renowned distributors Highly enthusiastic sales team much concern towards quality improvement A blend of scientific research with natural herbsWeaknessesOnly emphasize on urban market while suburban and rural areas are neglected to some extent.Colgate promotion budget is very less as compared to its competitors.OpportunitiesAccording to the information obtained by company marketing charabanc as well Chamber of commerce and Industry Karachi, and Pakistan Dental Association the market is growing rapidly. People are becoming more and more health conscious. Due to this growing market there are a lot of opportunities for Colgate to exploit this growing market by introducing new products. Due to shift from faux components to natural things people are demanding products that are very natural. This trend is a good opportunity to capture this segment through efficient marketing practices.ThreatsThreat of the new entrance is al so present. Unilever and Medicame is capturing market change magnitudely. Locally manufactured as well imported tooth pastes are also threat to Colgate in the competitive market. Market competition is also increasing day by day.Competitor AnalysisColgate Pakistan does not consider any brand as its close competitor in the market. Colgate is the only market leader in the oral care in Pakistan. P G is its world wide competitor but P G is not marketing its brand Crest tooth paste. However Unilever, Glaxosmithkline are having good contribution in the market. Especially Close up is rapidly expanding its product line. plainly still imported close up is having better share as compared to locally manufactured close up. English laboratories ( English tooth paste) and Roomi Entreprises with Sensodyne are also popular brands in tooth paste market. But Medicame and Synsodyne are categorized in the medicated tooth pastes. Colgate Herbal is uniqeue in its formula and not any other brand is offer ing Herbal tooth paste in the market. Manjans and tooth powder are losing their importance and mouth washes may increase their current low share. However awareness about the mouthwashes is also increasing but still the trend has not set. Colgate is still market leader in oral care in Pakistan. Its brand image and its diversified products touch it a universal market leader in the oral care and personal care.ConclusionWhile concluding all the discussion, we would like to tell proudly that Colgate is not only world leader in oral care in the world but also in Pakistan. Colgate has given variety in its products and it has introduced so many flavors and formulas in its tooth pastes. Its brands are world class in quality. Colgate people emphasize on three fundamental values-Caring, Global Teamwork and Continuous Improvement-are part of everything they do. These values are the foundation for Colgate business strategy and are reflected in every aspect of their work life. Colgate brands are very popular in our society. Colgate is focus on quality and innovation in oral care sector. Colgate Herbal tooth paste is an innovative step towards a tooth paste industry and Colgate is pioneer to introduce a product that is a blend of Natural Herbals and Scientific research. Colgate will continue to improve its products through innovation and customer satisfaction.

Analysis Of Mans Search For Meaning English Literature Essay

Analysis Of Mans Search For Meaning English Literature EssayThe purpose of this paper is to analyse Victor E Frankls Man Search for Meaning. The paper will discuss how Frankl dislodges implication in the Nazi death camps and why are some people unable to find kernel. The paper will explain what I have determined to be the signification of flavor.IntroductionMans Search for Meaning by Viktor E Frankl is one of the intimately impressive works of psychiatric literature after Freud. This 1946 book gives an account of the authors experiences while being an inmate in a concentration camp. He gives a detailed account of the psychotherapeutic method he gives to find a reason to live. Frankl believes that the books objective is to answer the question-How the daily routine disembodied spirit in a concentration camp is depicted though the mind of an average prisoner there.The first part of the book encompasses the analysis of Frankls experiences in the concentration camps. It gives lengt hy and unappeasable and profoundly moving personal essay about the imprisonment of Frankl in the concentration camp of Auschwitz and others for five years. He struggled during this time to determine the reasons to live. The second part, Logotherapy in a Nutshell, depicts the psychotherapeutic method that Frankl establish as a result of the days he spent in the concentration camps. He introduces his ideas of what exactly inwardness is and what is logotherapy theory (Viktor E Frankl).finding meaning in the Nazi death campsOne of the different believes that Frankl nurtured during this time was that mans strongest desire is to look for meaning and purpose. His logotherapy theory, (logos, a classical word, denotes meaning) which is quite compatible with the Western religions, unlike Freuds, is an amusing, advanced and very human work. His personal and professional discussions conflate into a style of great power. He writes, Our times is realistic, for we have come to know man as he r eally is. (Viktor E Frankl).Being a well-known Viennese psychiatrist, Viktor Frankl was able to scrutinize how he and the other inmates of the Nazi camp suffered in Auschwitz. He observed that the men actually comforted others. They even gave away their food and actually proved that life can take almost eachthing from them but cannot change their attitude towards it in any situation.The prisoner became a unique sort of person and it was due to an intragroup decision. The life in the camp was not an exactly influence. Only the prisoners who lacked a strong inner control on their ethical selves gradually became victim to the camps deteriorating environment. On the other hand, the prisoners who became victorious of the haplesss and harsh experiences eventually turned them into a triumph of the self (Viktor E Frankl).Frankl writes about the three psycho lucid reactions which the inmates of the camp experienced to a great extentshock after going through the preliminary phase of admi ssion in the camp,Numbness after becoming used to the life in camp, where the inmate values only the thing which helps him and his fellow inmates croakreactions of reification, resentment, moral disfigurement and disenchantment from life if he is lucky enough to survive and is released.The meaning of lifeAscertaining the meaning of life is the key theme of the book. The book makes you ask yourself -what is the meaning of my life? It even moves the people who have not thought process about it. And for some of them it was a recurrent quest. The book made me think that it is certainly not an easy question to ask anyone. No denying that is one is not an easy question either to ask or to answer. However, Viktor Frankls Mans search for Meaning explores this question in a great detail.Why Mans search for Meaning helps in understanding the meaning of life, is because it is beautifully crafted book. Other than the precious details of the Frankls experience in the Nazi camps, the book also takes us to his philosophy by presenting logical details. The main theme of the book is the detailed explanation and development of Logotherapy therapy theory (Viktor E Frankl).As I understand Logotherapy, it says that a primary motivational force play helps a person to come through any annihilating crisis is his or her constant search for meaning in life. Unlike the other theories such as Psychotherapy, Logotherapy is futuristic. It tries to help the person find out the meaning in life and what will make his or her life meaningful or to put in Frankls words, life-to-be-lived.Frankls idea to find meaning is in the midst of utmost suffering. Other people in the nazi camp were unable to find meaning in life because they wanted to run away from suffering and not just sit and understand it. Frankl does not say that suffering is important to find meaning in life-rather he says that understanding lifes meaning is possible even despite suffering (Viktor E Frankl).Frankl discovered that mos t of the prisoners died when they were doing less hard work and were suffering more than the people who survived. The survivors were supposed to be the people who had a vision of a glorious future for themselves despite the horrible present. They believed they were pursuing a meaning in life and refused to surrender to despair.The prisoners life and experience in a concentration camp was finally only a remembered nightmare. Even when the fear of Nazis was utmost, he knew that he has nothing left to be afraid of, except God. The true meaning in life for Frankl is to make others find their meaning. As a victim and a successful survivor of the dreadful Nazi concentration camp, his pursuit of meaning kept him from losing his last possession. His strong and incessant will to finish his multiple sclerosis destroyed earlier, became the key for his believe in life and survival. His dream to finally strike a complete manuscript in his hand, actually helped him to endure every hardship and suffering imposed upon him in the death camp (Viktor E Frankl).ConclusionFrankl concludes in Mans Search for Meaning that one can find the meaning of life is almost every moment of life, whether it is of suffering or of happiness. He believes that life never stops to have a meaning it is just that a person has to find it out right on time. He learns a lot from his experiences in the camp and believes that a prisoners psychological reactions are not only caused by the sufferings or adverse conditions of his life, but also from the freedom of choice that he always has even at the time of suffering. The strong inner hold that a prisoner has on his spiritual self depends on his faith in the future. Once a prisoner loses his faith in future, he not only loses his track to find the meaning of life, but is also doomed.

The Historical Perspective Of Social Work Social Work Essay

The Historical Perspective Of amicable Work Social Work testThe purpose of this essay is to examine the historical and political perspective of social work provision in relation to plenty with hallucination. It will explore how the discipline of social work practice has transformed these throngs, the impact of social exclusion they recognized that lead to discrimination and/or oppressiveness and the benefit of listening to supporter substance abusers looks.The primary mission of social work profession is to enhance human well- world and help acquire the basic human needs of all passel, with incident attention to the needs and empowerment of people who argon vulnerable, oppressed and living in poverty (Baker 1999 Pg 55). Social work has an important role to play in coordinating efforts to support people with insanity who may often slang negative experiences of mental wellness operate. As a expiration, it will be a challenge to provide effective social support to these groups in an environment where their views atomic number 18 being seen as significant and where they do not receive work fairly and uniformly (SCIE July 2008).The medical terms aberration has developed since the 19th century and was used to describe people whose mental disabilities were secondary to acquired brain damage, normally degenerative and often associated with old age (Tibbs 2001). Before the 19th century, a soul with monomania would probably have been confined to the workhouses. (Marshall et al 2006). During this period, many sufferers were taken away to aWorkhouse Infirmary with medical c atomic number 18 on hand and given outdoor relief (Denney 1998). Whereas charities began to emerge during this era however there were no good measures in place to deliver social work services no criteria to determine who the deserving and undeserving poor were, thusly help provided were viewed as indiscriminate (Howe 2009).As the 1940s progressed, there were new developments and a pproaches in the treatment of people with mental dis stations. Poor houses for destitute elderly people were slowly replaced by old peoples homes (Marshall et al 2006). The period after the Second World War saw the development of the welfare render. There was a national agreement that the state has an obligation to provide full services in order to respond to problems of poverty, mental health, old age etc (Tibbs 2001).The implementation of Beverage report published in 1942 directed at abolition of squalor, want, ignorance, disease and idleness. The National Assistant Act 1948 laid a foundation upon which hereafter social work was built and created departments to meet the needs of different client groups (Tibbs 2001). During the late 20th century, both conservative and New Labour legislation have an impact on Mental health reformation. The establishment of Social Service Departments introduced in 1970 reviewed in Seebohm reports (1969), enabled Local Authorities to agitate welf are services for the elderly which had not already been included indoors the framework of some other statutory body. (Tibbs 2001).The 1983 Mental Health Act introduced during the conservative regime mark a make headway move towards legislation to meliorate matters with statutory requirements and procedures for social workers to be properly trained in order to carry out professional assessments. The Act ensures professionals who work with elderly people with dementia and indeed those who suffer from mental disorder have a basic understanding of the Mental Health Act, even if they do not act as Approved Social Workers (Tibbs 2001).The role of carers have besides been crucial in the field of dementia care through the introduction of The Carers Act 1995 2000, which gave statutory citation and right to carers, and funding through provision of Direct Payment (Marshall et al 2006). The Mental Capacity Act 2005 is also a relevant Act to people with dementia and their carers. It includ es the provision of independent Mental Capacity Advocates (IMCA) to protect vulnerable people and dementia sufferers to gain more guard over their lives, plan for the afterlife and have their retained abilities recognised.It is important to address the impact of discrimination on these service groups as they suffer disability and as a result are subject to degrading treatment from the relatively powerful groups deep down the society. (Tibbs 2001). Research shows that the societys fear towards dementia causes them to avoid people with the condition make them feeling separated and stigmatised (BBC 2010). According to Thompson (2006), discrimination is a process through which a difference is identified, and can be positive or negative. He suggests that negative discrimination also involves making a negative attribution and attaching devalued label to a person.Dementia is whizz of the major causes of disability in the elderly, affecting personal care, day-after-day cognitive acti vities and social behaviour. To be diagnosed as having dementia involves a great deal of stigma, often resulting in disadvantage and loss of life chances by the sufferers. (Kitwood 1997). Although, dementia is strongly associated to elderly but research shows that increase number of people diagnosed with the ill-health are under 65 years of age and are referred to as two-year-old onset dementia (SCIE not dated). These service users are likely to experience inequality because society and professionals fail to recognise that dementia exists in this age group and they can continue to integrate within the society (SCIE not dated). They will have different circumstances in life from older people with dementia because they are more likely to be in paid employment, have young children and have financial commitments.They will have to discontinue employment as most services are not able to cope with their condition which means promotion prospect and pension entitlements are lost. (Marshall et al 2006). Feelings of discrimination and oppression may also be a barrier to people asking for support (Downs et al 2008). From experience, some people from black minority ethnic groups (Asian and foul Community) diagnosed with the ill-health would rather keep it in the family than to get help because they see it as being shameful (BBC 2010). Furthermore, accessing services can be complicated because there are no age-specific services available as most of the developed services are for older people with dementia (Tibbs 2001). Lack of access to services could result in extra burden being placed on families when the care needs exceed the ability to provide (Downs et al 2008).Emotional impact is one of the significant factors experienced by dementia sufferers. There is also a prejudice with sufferers because of the association with madness and psychiatric disorder that the label creates. (Brooker 2007). They also experience social isolation due to withdrawal of friends which dimini shes their social networks and inability to meet a perceive societal expectation. (Crawford 2004). From experience with elderly, people sometimes hold ageist view against them by the way they talk to them e.g. name calling as sweet old lady. According to the Alzheimer Society publication, ageist societal attitudes compound the experience of elderly people with dementia who already appear to be prejudiced because of their age and intellectual decline. (Crawford 2004).Health professionals often consciously or otherwise oppress elderly with dementia because of their position of authority which could prevent them from making their own choice thereby disempowering them (Crawford 2004). From experience, professionals sometimes in their attitudes untrue elderly people with dementia are incapable of providing valid information or making decision for themselves, by constantly focusing their attention to their carers instead of the service users. They are often seen as being a burden to th e state economy resources and are subjected to considerable pity as they are deemed to be out of their mind Crawford (2004).Research shows that it is often assumed that people with dementia are not articulated enough to express their opinion or views on any aspect of their lives because of problems with communication through tongue (Brooker 2007). As a result, practitioners inclined to rely on alternative views, usually provided by family carers, rather than their view. However, the needs, experience and perception of the carer might be different from that of the person they are caring.Empowerment and giving vocalizes to people with dementia is a vital part of anti discriminatory/oppressive practice. (Tibbs 2001). The needs for communicating and empowering dementia sufferers by involving them in decision making became major considerations within social works field. It is anticipated that the Mental Capacity Act, 2005 will address some of these issues. Begum (2006, P.3) defined use r involvement as participation of users of services in decisions that affect their lives. People with dementia voices can be valued by promoting active participation within care relationship regardless of their age or cognitive impairment rooting out discriminatory practice. (Marthorpe et al 2003). Involving service users in decision making often leads to increased self-esteem and confidence. (Chaston et al, 2004, P.19) quotes that It is good to feel valued and to be somebody, not just anybodyEffective service therefore must be provided to alternate the needs of people with dementia (Cantley 2001). One of the main principles to consider in social work code of practice as stipulated by the General Social Care Council (GSCC) is the right of service users to be treated with dignity and respect in order for them to make informed choices about the services they received. Practitioners must therefore acknowledge who they are, listen to their circumstances treat them as a unique person wi th worthy of dignity and respect. It is therefore imperative that during intervention with service users with dementia, health practitioners should go beyond safety to promote their choice, maintain independence, autonomy and their self determination Cantley (2001).It is essential to encourage these service user groups to express their views and preferences in order to build their personal strengths and confidence. Listening to them will provide them the opportunity to express their views on how dementia affects them, what they consider important in their lives, including how services should meet their health and social care needs (Tibbs 2001). People with dementia, either independently or in small groups, should be given the right to participate directly in service planning and development processes (Warren 2007). Practitioners can provide a range of methods and approaches which will enable them to make a choice that will turn future service provisions. They can be engaged to make decision through direct observation and communicating using specific tools or systems (Warren 2007).This will enabled the practitioners to have a better understanding of individual needs particularly, of people diagnosed with dementia that have complex needs and communication impairment. Research shows that these service users groups can until now articulate their opinions about their well-being and quality of care even though they are severely cognitively impaired (Mozley et al 1999). For example, Talking Mat is an innovative method of allowing their views to be heard in order to make decision about managing different aspect of their life (SCIE not dated). They can also be involved in activities through collective approach which will provide them the opportunity to be in control by acting collectively to influence services and the broader communities. Such activities are often combined with elements of peer support and empower them through collective involvement (Cantley 2001).I t is also important to devise services that will fulfil their needs by obtaining the necessary information from them, which could be by occasionally adjusting services that were designed to meet their needs as perceived by others. Information about their routines, choices, preferences, culture before, during and after they are diagnosed with the ill-health, which is important to their well-being and at their best interest must be documented in their care plan in order to meet their needs and to organise their care support effectively. (Cantley 2001). Organisations such Alzheimer Society and Social Care Institute of truth provide support to carers and health professionals to improve the quality of life of people affected with Dementia through web resources, free e-learning programmes etc in order for their voice to be heard (Alzheimers Society). Also, The National Dementia Declaration for England has made a pledge to improve services for service users and carers by ensuring that the y have choice and control over the decisions that affect them and live in a supportive environment (Community Care 2010).Overall, it can be concluded that over the years, there have been changes in development of social work provision which has brought about important legislations to tackle the issues of discrimination and oppression on people with dementia. It has been evaluated that public and professional attitudes towards ageing and the ill-health are now changing rapidly. It was also recognised that through good social work practice, involving dementia sufferers in decision making would enhance empowerment promote their choices and self determination while maintaining independence. This provided me with understanding of how services views are essential in improving social service provisions. It is therefore imperative to encourage further learning within social work provision to ensure good practice is sustained.

The Changing Character Hamlet in Act II and Act IV of Shakespeares Hamlet :: Shakespeare Hamlet Essays

The Changing Character settlement in Act II and Act IV of Shakespeares hamlet In Shakespeares Hamlet, although the character Hamlet makes similar points about himself in the soliloquies of Act II and Act IV, he seems to be less self-blaming and more in interpret of his emotions in the Act IV soliloquy. In the Act IV soliloquy, Hamlet is less self-blaming and more in control of his emotions. In Act II Hamlet blames himself for the delay in his visit, O, what a rouge and peasant slave am I (22519). He also seems to be more self-abusive in his expressions, Why, what an nates am I (22553). Hamlets deep depression is expressed through his comparison of himself to the lowest and most worthless things he can think of. However, in the Act IV soliloquy, Hamlet uses logic to reason his delay in killing Claudius, How all occasions do inform against me and spur my dull revenge (4432). While he is still a bit emotional, he is less self-abusive and more in control of his feelings, How stand I then, that have a father killed, a mother stained. (4456). Hamlets reproach of his actions is gentler and less derogatory. He uses reason to explain how certain occasions have delayed him rather than blaming himself for endorse out on his plans. In both soliloquies Hamlet makes comparisons between himself and other characters. In Act II he compares himself to an actor and in Act IV he compares himself to Fortinbras. In both soliloquies Hamlet uses the comparisons to put himself down for not carrying out his actions. In Act II Hamlet is angry with himself because he doesnt project how an actor can get so emotional over a speech that he is reading, while Hamlet, who is actually in the real situation, is passive in his emotions, Is it not monstrous that this player here, but in a fiction, in a dream of passion, could force his soul so to his own conceit. (22520). In Act IV Hamlet expresses admiration for Fortinbras courage and dream to succeed and to fight for his name and honor, (.led by a delicate and tender prince, whose spirit, with divine ambition puffed. (4448). Although both comparisons are different, both the actor and Fortinbras serve as role-models to Hamlet. He looks up to their actions to spur his ambition for revenge. At the end of each soliloquy Hamlet reaches a state of resolution, in which he seeks to find certain truths about himself and the outside world.

Playing God in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Essay -- Frankenstein 2014

In his Poetics, Aristotle defines the tragic hero as a man of high social status who invites the gods to punish him finished overbearing pride and/or presumption hubris. It would be simple to assign the label of hubristic tragic hero to Victor Frankenstein, but such assignment of a label would be an oversimplification. The gods in Greek drama punish, albeit harshly, in an outright manner. The tragic figure is aware that the gods have forsaken him, and he resigns to live his life at a lower place the demands of retribution. Victor Frankensteins fate is not so simple fate is crueler to Victor and more spiteful than he could ever be to the heavens. The question that precedes on the whole others, however, is who is or what acts as god in Frankenstein. It is safe to assume that Victor Frankensteins god is that of the Christian tradition, although interestingly, he never truly mentions it as such. Instead, he invokes the spirits of nature and swears by the sacred earth on which he knee ls that he will get his revenge (Shelley 173) so it is only fitting that it is nature or the laws of nature that feel offended by Victors transgression and his vulgar presumption that he can emulate its force. What drives Victor to do so is a complicated issue, but what is rather clear is that the setting of the novel is ideal for such a crime. The distinction between natures powers and pious powers is a relatively new concept. For many ancient cultures, nature was inexorably tied to the ultimate spirit and although men could speak to the spirits, they were in no mode like the spirits. Before altering any object in nature, one needed permission from these spirits. This changed with the growth of Christianity Christian... ...Ecocriticism Reader Landmarks in Literary Ecology. Ed. Cheryll Glotfelty and Harold Fromm. Athens University of atomic number 31 struggle, 1996. 15-29. Mounce, H.O. Humes Naturalism. New York Routledge, 1999. Reich, Lou. Humes Religious Naturalism. Lanham Uni versity Press of America, Inc., 1998. Shelley, Mary. Case Studies in Contemporary Criticism Frankenstein. Ed. Johanna Smith. Boston Bedford/St. Martins, 2000. 28-189. Sherwin, Paul. Relativism and Literary Criticism The Case of Frankenstein. Aspects of Relativism Moral, Cognitive, and Literary. Ed. James E. Bayley. Lanham University Press of America, Inc., 1992. 25-39. White, Lynn. The Historical Roots of our Ecological Crisis. The Ecocriticism Reader Landmarks in Literary Ecology. Ed. Cheryll Glotfelty and Harold Fromm. Athens University of Georgia Press, 1996. 3-14. .